马可波罗与古代泉洲!(汉译英)

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Marco Polo had been sojourned in China for 17 years, and he had ever traveled to North China, Northwest China, Southwest China and East China. In 1289,after Bolgana (卜鲁罕),the wife of Argon (阿鲁汗) of Ilkhanate(伊利汗国) died, Argon (阿鲁汗) sent Oulatai(兀鲁)、Apusca(阿必失呵) and Coja(火者)as expresses to 元廷to propose. Kubla(忽必烈) chose Cocacin(阔阔真) to be the Princess, and she was convoyed by the three expresses and Marco Polo and also 父叔.They set out in the spring of 1291.There were 14 big ships in all, and each had 4 masts and 12 sails. They set out from Quanzhou City, via Sumatra, India and finally arrived in Persia(波斯) city. Marco Polo was captured in 1298 in the war between Venice( 威尼斯) And Genoa(热那亚),and he dictated in prison what he saw and heard from the East, and that was written down by the writer named Rusti (Rusti was one of his fellow sufferers),and this was what we called <concerning the kingdoms and marvels of the East> or <Travels of Marco Polo> today. In the middle ages, it was a book to introduce China and Middle Asia to the European, and it opened up an original field for intelligentsia of Europe. And it owed much to the book that the European could find the new waterway later, besides, it is also an important history book to study history and geography of the Yuan Dynasty of China.

In the <Travels of Marco Polo>,Polo gave great admiration to QuanZhou City. He said,”5 days after we left Fuzhou City, we arrived in the grandiose and beautiful Chi Tong City in the evening. There was a port along the seacoast, and it was famous for the many passing shios.”And he also said that “Chi Tong was one of the biggest ports in the world, there were many merchants gathering here, and the goods were piled up like a mountain, which was unimaginable. Every merchant had to pay tax at 10% of his investment amount, so, the Khan(大汗) got much money from here.

Quanzhou City was in its golden age in Yuan Dynasty in the field of international trading and economy, which was shown in <Travel of Marco Polo>.In that book, Polo said,” A large amount of foreign goods were delivered here, and then forwarded to different places all over China. The amount of pepper delivered there was very considerable. Yet pepper delivered to the Port Alexander for forwarding to the west was much less, maybe less than 1% of that to Quanzhou City, I am afraid. ”He also said, ”everything you need in your daily life was supplied in that place ”.Ceramic in Dehua Kilns (德化窑) was cheap as well as good.8 Ceramic Mugs only cost a Venetian silver coin. It is said that when Marco Polo went back to his country, he brought quite a few ceramic white wares from Dehua Kilns(德化窑) and ceramic pigment bowls. Until today, in a museum of Italy, there is still a 德化家春岭窑的小花插 which was brought back by Marco Polo.

Quanzhou City was one of the most important bases of manufacturing ships in Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. The ships they produced were advanced at that time in many aspects, such as consistence, stability, navigability, especially the safety equipments of the watertight division. It said in <Travel of Marco Polo>, ” The Khan(大汗) gave orders to prepare 14 ships. Each of them had 4 masts and could hoist 9 sails. Among the 14 ships, there were at least 4 or 5 which could contain 250 or 260 sailor”. What was said above was the important trait of ships of Quanzhou City.

In <Travel of Marco Polo>, Polo also mentioned that people in Quanzhou City believed in Buddhism. Buddhism is flourishing in Quanzhou City, and Quanzhou City had been famous with the name of “the Chinese South Buddhist kingdom”(未查到，自己乱译的) since Tang Dynasty. Polo said, ”People were the fans.” And he meant the Buddhists.

Rock candy was first produced in China in Tang Dynasty, and the rock candy the Egyptian made had something to do with that in China. In <Travel of Marco Polo>, Polo said, ”WuGan City(now is named YongChun City or YouXi City) was famous for the big production of rock candy, the rock candy would be delivered to Cambalec(汗八里，即今天的北京) after produced, and provided to the people in the Palace. Before it became a part of the Khan’s territory, the local people didn’t know how to make quality sugar. Their method was very crude, and after the sugar froze, it became dark grey paste. After this city belonged to the Khan, it happened that some Babylonian came to the Palace. They knew how to make quality sugar. So, they were sent to this city and taught the local people the method of making sugar with the help of wood ashes.” This showed that the Egyptian had done something to help improve the technology of making sugar in China. They probably learned how to make rock candy and then brought the skill back to Egypt.

Marco Polo gave his opinion about the Quanzhou people, “They were peaceful, enjoying coziness and liberty”. This opinion was exact. He also said, the tattoo technicians there were famous all over the world for their excellent techniques, and there were many Indians went there to get tattoos.

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